Understanding Pap Smear Results: What They Mean

Pap smears are routine screenings that check for abnormal cells in the cervix, which may indicate cervical cancer or other conditions. Getting these screenings helps detect these conditions early when they are easier to treat. Patients need to understand their results and when further screening is needed.

Purpose of pap smears

Also known as a pap test, a pap smear screens for abnormal cells that may potentially become cancer. During the test, the provider takes a sample of cells from the cervix to be examined for abnormalities. Pap smears can detect cervical cancer, potentially precancerous cells, and the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection that may increase one’s risk of cervical cancer. Women should begin having regular pap smears at age 21 and continue as directed by their provider.

What the results mean

There are three main categories of results: normal, abnormal, and unsatisfactory.

Unsatisfactory

For various reasons, including not collecting enough cells or blood or mucus covering the sample, the lab may be unable to read it properly. In this case, a provider may ask the patient to return for another test in a few months.

Normal

This is the most common pap smear result, also known as a negative result. A negative result means no abnormal cells were found. Typically, patients will not need another pap test for three years.

Abnormal

There are varying levels of abnormal results. However, patients who get abnormal results should not worry because it typically only means that further testing or observation is needed. Cervical cancer develops extremely slowly.

Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US)

This is the most common abnormal result and means some cells looked abnormal. However, it is not clear if the abnormality is due to infection or precancerous changes. In the case of an ASC-US result the provider may recommend a follow-up pap smear. Another option is to have the patient undergo an HPV test, and if that test is negative, the abnormal cells are likely benign.

Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL)

This result indicates mild abnormalities often associated with HPV infections. These are likely to resolve on their own without futher action. Therefore, a provider may recommend a follow-up pap smear in a year. They may also recommend a colposcopy, a test that allows for a closer look at the cervix.

High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)

An HSIL finding indicates more significant abnormalities, meaning the changes are more likely to lead to cancer than LSILs. The next step with this finding would likely be to order a colposcopy with a biopsy, where a provider will take a sample of the cervical tissue to determine the extent of abnormal cell growth to help determine the appropriate treatment.

Atypical Glandular Cells (AGC)

This result indicates abnormal cells in the cervix and endometrium glandular tissue. Though this result is less common, it can indicate a higher risk of precancer or cancer in the service or other reproductive organs. Further testing, along with a colposcopy and biopsy, is needed.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma or Adenocarcinoma Cells

This finding indicates cancerous cells in the cervix. Luckily, it is a very rare finding, but it does require immediate follow-up with a specialist to determine the cancer’s stage and plan the appropriate treatment.

The importance of regular screenings

At Millennium Medical Care Reston, we assist patients with routine screenings and preventive care. With regular pap smears, cervical cancer can usually be caught early when it is easier to treat. If it has been a while since your last screening, call us to learn more.

Request an appointment here: https://reston.millenniummedicalcare.com or call Millennium Medical Care Reston at (703) 440-7000 for an appointment in our Reston office.